Nature, 24 July 2025, Volume 643 Issue 8073 《天然》，2025年7月24日，第643卷，8073期 物理学Physics Silicate clouds and a circumplanetary disk in the YSES-1 exoplanet systemYSES-1 系生手星体系中的硅酸盐云与环行星盘 ▲ 作者：K. K. W. Hoch, M. Rowland, S. Petrus, E. Nasedkin, C. Ingebretsen, J. Ka妹妹erer, M. Perrin, V. D’Orazi, W. O. Balmer, T. Barman, M. Bonnefoy, G. Chauvin, C. Chen, R. J. De Rosa, J. Girard, E. Gonzales, M. Kenworthy, Q. M. Konopacky, B. Macintosh, S. E. Moran, C. V. Morley, P. Palma-Bifani, L. Pueyo, B. Ren, …Y. Zhang ▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09174-w ▲ 择要：年青的系生手星为理解行星形成与年夜气演化提供了主要桥梁。YSES-1体系拥有两颗缭绕类太阳恒星运行的行星，是研究系生手星这一初期演化阶段的抱负试验室。 研究者报导了经由过程其9-11微米接收特性，直接不雅测到系生手星YSES-1 c年夜气中的硅酸盐云；并初次于其伴星行星YSES-1 b周围探测到来自环行星盘的硅酸盐发射谱。 YSES-1 c的云层由非晶态富铁辉石构成，或者长短晶态硅酸镁与镁橄榄石的混淆物，于1毫巴压力层处，其颗粒尺寸≤0.1微米。研究者将YSES-1 b周围盘状布局发出的辐射归因在亚微米级橄榄石灰尘颗粒，这些颗粒多是由行星形成物资于盘中的碰撞所孕育发生。 ▲ Abstract：Young exoplanets provide an important link between understanding planet formation and atmospheric evolution. Here we report the direct observations of silicate clouds in the atmosphere of the exoplanet YSES-1 c through its 9–11?μm absorption feature, and the first circumplanetary disk silicate emission around its sibling planet, YSES-1 b. The clouds of YSES-1 c are composed of either amorphous iron-enriched pyroxene or a combination of amorphous MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4, with particle sizes of ≤0.1?μm at 1?millibar pressure. We attribute the emission from the disk around YSES-1 b to be from submicron olivine dust grains, which may have formed through collisions of planet-forming bodies in the disk. Single nuclear spin detection and control in a van der Waals material 范德华质料中的单核自旋检测与节制 ▲ 作者：Xingyu Gao, Sumukh Vaidya, Kejun Li, Zhun Ge, Saakshi Dikshit, Shimin Zhang, Peng Ju, Kunhong Shen, Yuanbin Jin, Yuan Ping Tongcang Li ▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09258-7 ▲ 择要：固体中的光学活性自旋缺陷是量子传感及量子收集的重要候选者。近来，于层状范德华（vdW）质料六方氮化硼（hBN）中发明了单自旋缺陷。因为其二维布局，hBN答应自旋缺陷比于三维晶体中更接近方针样品，这使其成为原子标准量子传感的抱负平台。然而，这些缺陷的化学布局仍旧未知，而且使用hBN自旋缺陷检测单个核自旋一直难以实现。 研究者陈诉了利用C13离子注入于hBN中创立单自旋缺陷，并基在超邃密彼此作用辨认出三种差别的缺陷类型。他们于统一类六方氮化硼自旋缺陷中不雅测到了S =1/2及S=1两种自旋态，展示了于范德华质料中举行原子标准核磁共振以和对于单个核自旋的相关节制，其π门保真度于室温下高达99.75%。 经由过程将试验成果与密度泛函理论（DFT）计较举行比力，他们提出了这些自旋缺陷可能的化学布局。该事情增进了对于hBN中单自旋缺陷的理解，并为使用具备核自旋（作为量子存储器）的hBN自旋缺陷来加强量子传感提供了一条路子。 ▲ Abstract：Optically active spin defects in solids are leading candidates for quantum sensing and quantum networking. Recently, single spin defects were discovered in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a layered van der Waals (vdW) material. Owing to its two-dimensional structure, hBN allows spin defects to be positioned closer to target samples than in three-dimensional crystals, making it ideal for atomic-scale quantum sensing, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of single molecules. However, the chemical structures of these defects remain unknown and detecting a single nuclear spin with a hBN spin defect has been elusive. Here we report the creation of single spin defects in hBN using 13C ion implantation and the identification of three distinct defect types based on hyperfine interactions. We observed both S?=?1/2 and S?=?1 spin states within a single hBN spin defect. We demonstrated atomic-scale NMR and coherent control of individual nuclear spins in a vdW material, with a π-gate fidelity up to 99.75% at room temperature. By comparing experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose chemical structures for these spin defects. Our work advances the understanding of single spin defects in hBN and provides a pathway to enhance quantum sensing using hBN spin defects with nuclear spins as quantum memories. 生物学Biology Rapid emergence of a maths gender gap in first grade 一年级数学性别差异快速闪现 ▲ 作者：P. Martinot, B. Colnet, T. Breda, J. Sultan, L. Touitou, P. Huguet, E. Spelke, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, P. Bressoux S. Dehaene ▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09126-4 ▲择要：避免数学范畴的性别差异是全世界存眷的问题。于婴儿期及幼儿期，男孩及女孩于数与空间的焦点认知能力上体现相似。是以，数学中的性别差异凡是被认为重要反应了“女孩数学差”这一社会文化刻板印象的内化。然而，这类刻板印象于什么时候、何地以和多广泛的人群中根深蒂固，今朝仍不明确。 研究者陈诉了一项为期4年的纵向评估成果，该评估涵盖了法国所有1、二年级学生（2653082名儿童）的语言及数学体现。入学时，男孩及女孩的数学成就很是靠近。但入学仅4个月后，倾向男孩的数学性别差异已经变患上高度显著，并于1年后到达了约0.20的效应量。这些发明每一年都反复呈现，而且于差别家庭、班级或者黉舍类型以和社会经济程度下仅有稍微变化。 只管黉舍教诲与春秋相干，但使用近乎正交的变异性举行阐发注解，性别差异的扩展重要与接管黉舍教诲的时间相干，而非纯真与春秋增加相干。这些发明指出，小学一年级是数学性别差距（倾向男孩）形成的时间及场合，从而有助在聚焦解决方案与干涉干与办法的摸索标的目的。 ▲ Abstract：Preventing gender disparities in mathematics is a worldwide preoccupation. In infancy and early childhood, boys and girls exhibit similar core knowledge of number and space. Gender disparities in maths are, therefore, thought to primarily reflect an internalization of the sociocultural stereotype that ‘girls are bad at maths’. However, where, when and how widely this stereotype becomes entrenched remains uncertain. Here, we report the results of a 4-year longitudinal assessment of language and mathematical performance of all French first and second graders (2,653,082 children). Boys and girls exhibited very similar maths scores upon school entry, but a gender gap in favour of boys became highly significant after 4?months of schooling and reached an effect size of about 0.20 after 1?year. These findings were repeated each year and varied only slightly across family, class or school type and socio-economic level. Although schooling correlated with age, exploiting the near-orthogonal variations indicated that the gender gap increased with schooling rather than with age. These findings point to the first year of school as the time and place where a maths gender gap emerges in favour of boys, thus helping focus the search for solutions and interventions. Bogong moths use a stellar compass for long-distance navigation at night 布冈夜蛾使用恒星罗盘举行夜间远程导航 ▲ 作者：David Dreyer, Andrea Adden, Hui Chen, Barrie Frost, Henrik Mouritsen, Jingjing Xu, Ken Green, Mary Whitehouse, Javaan Chahl, Jesse Wallace, Gao Hu, James Foster, Stanley Heinze Eric Warrant ▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09135-3 ▲择要：每一年春天，数十亿只布冈夜蛾为了遁藏Australia东南部的炎热天气，会迁移长达1000千米，前去一个它们从未涉足之地——Australia阿尔卑斯山脉中数目有限的风凉洞窟（汗青上用在夏眠）。初秋时节，这些不异的个别会举行返程迁移，飞回它们的孳生地繁衍儿女并灭亡。 研究者展现了布冈夜蛾使用繁星点点的夜空作为罗盘来鉴别特定的地舆标的目的，从而沿着它们遗传的迁移标的目的导航，飞向遥远的目的地。经由过程将春天及秋季迁移的蛾子固定于飞行模仿器中，他们发明，于无月的天然夜空下以和抵消地磁场的情况中（使其已经知的磁感能力掉效），飞蛾仍能朝着季候性相宜的迁移标的目的飞行。 飞蛾年夜脑差别区域的视觉中间神经元对于夜空的扭转体现出特异性相应，而且这些神经元被调谐到一个配合的天空朝向：当飞蛾头部朝向南边时，其放电勾当到达峰值。研究成果注解，布冈夜蛾使用天体线索（恒星）及地球磁场构建了一个稳健的罗盘体系，用在于夜间举行长间隔导航，飞向特定的目的地。 ▲ Abstract：Each spring, billions of Bogong moths escape hot conditions across southeast 澳大利亚 by migrating up to 1,000?km to a place that they have never previously visited—a limited number of cool caves in the 澳大利亚n Alps, historically used for aestivating over su妹妹er. At the beginning of autumn, the same individuals make a return migration to their breeding grounds to reproduce and die. Here we show that Bogong moths use the starry night sky as a compass to distinguish between specific geographical directions, thereby navigating in their inherited migratory direction towards their distant goal. By tethering spring and autumn migratory moths in a flight simulator, we found that, under naturalistic moonless night skies and in a nulled geomagnetic field (disabling the moth’s known magnetic sense), moths flew in their seasonally appropriate migratory directions. Visual interneurons in different regions of the moth’s brain responded specifically to rotations of the night sky and were tuned to a co妹妹on sky orientation, firing maximally when the moth was headed southwards. Our results suggest that Bogong moths use stellar cues and the Earth’s magnetic field to create a robust compass system for long-distance nocturnal navigation towards a specific destination. 年夜气化学与年夜气物理学 Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric physics Trade-offs in aviation impacts on climate favour non-CO2 mitigation 航空天气影响的衡量阐发撑持非二氧化碳减排办法 ▲ 作者：Michael J. Prather, Andrew Gettelman Joyce E. Penner ▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09198-2 ▲ 择要：对于平易近用航空的天气影响评估一直重要量化三个主导性的天气强制组分：（1）CO2排放；（2）NOx(NO+NO2)排放；以和（3）连续性航迹云。这三组分均孕育发生正辐射强制（RF），并致使量级相近的天气变暖。航空界正踊跃追求经由过程进步前辈策动机技能、更可连续的航空燃料及优化飞行路径来削减其天气萍踪。 这些要领凡是触及CO2与非CO2（NOx或者航迹云）之间的衡量，例如，多燃烧1%的燃料以削减4%的航迹云辐射强制。研究注解，基在辐射强制组分的不确定性推导出的天气衡量危害曲线，可以或许给出特定衡量比孕育发生天气效益的几率。 对于在每一种组分，研究者计较了一年飞行勾当孕育发生的综合有用辐射强制：即每一项勾当的全世界变暖当量（GWA）。非CO2GWA与CO2GWA比值的互补累积几率漫衍天生了一条天气衡量：η撸们吒隽颂炱б娣⑸目赡苄裕魑狢O2衡量增量与非CO2衡量减量之比（即衡量比）的函数。这是由于二者的GWA×衡量量应该相等。 他们发明，对于在上述建议的1：4（CO2：非CO2）衡量比，于100年时间标准上实现天气缓解的可能性为 67%（极可能）。这撑持了那些衡量比小在1：4的非CO2减排方案。 ▲ Abstract：Climate assessments of civil aviation have consistently quantified the dominant climate-forcing components: (1) CO2 emissions, (2) NOx (NO?+?NO2) emissiU8国际-ons and (3) persistent contrails. All three components exert a positive radiative forcing (RF) and lead to climate warming of similar magnitudes. The aviation co妹妹unity is actively seeking to reduce its climate footprint through advanced engine technologies, more sustainable aviation fuel and optimal routing plans. These approaches usually involve a trade-off of CO2 against NOx or contrails (non-CO2), such as burning 1% more fuel to decrease contrail RF by 4%. Here, we show that a climate-trade-off risk curve derived from uncertainties in the RF components can give the probability that a specified trade-off ratio will produce a climate benefit. For each component, we calculate the integrated effective RF resulting from 1?year of flights: global warming per activity (GWA). The complementary cumulative probability distribution of the GWA(non-CO2) to GWA(CO2) ratio results in a climate-trade-off risk curve giving the likelihood of a positive climate outcome as a function of the trade-off-CO2 to trade-off-non-CO2 ratio, because the product, GWA?×?trade-off, should be the same for both. We find a likely (67%) chance of climate mitigation on a 100-year time horizon for the above suggested ratio of 1:4, favouring proposed non-CO2 mitigation efforts with ratios smaller than this. Decadal changes in atmospheric circulation detected in cloud motion vectors 云运动矢量展现的年夜气环流年月际变化 ▲ 作者：Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Gan Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Jesse Loveridge Arka Mitra ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09242-1 ▲择要：变化中的年夜气环流会转变全世界气候模式和其极度事务，深刻影响人类社会及生态体系。基在年夜气再阐发及天气模子数据的研究注解，近几十年来环流出现出多种变化，但它们于变化幅度以致标的目的上均存于差异，这凸显了使用自力、天气级质量不雅测举行验证的火急需求。 研究者使用多角度成像光谱辐射计（MISR）卫星不雅测的、具备高度分辩率的云运动矢量，展示了已往二十年中对于流层环流发生的统计显著变化。中纬度地域的上对于流层云运动速率已经加速，增幅达约4米/秒 每一十年。这类加快重要源在经向流的加强，可能预示着风暴路径向极地偏移或者温带气旋强度增年夜。 北半球及南半球热带区域别离以0.42±0.22及0.02±0.14°纬度/每一十年（95%置信区间）的速度向极地挪动；而响应的极锋则以0.37±0.31及0.31±0.21°纬度/每一十年的速度挪动。 研究还有注解，将广泛利用的ERA5再阐发风场数据降采样至MISR分辩率后，其天气平均值及变化趋向与MISR数据高度吻合，但也展现出ERA5数据可能于上对于流层存于误差。 这些基在MISR的不雅测成果为改良再阐发数据及天气模子提供了要害基准，有助在鞭策人们理解天气变化对于云及年夜气环流的影响。 ▲ Abstract：Changing atmospheric circulations shift global weather patterns and their extremes, profoundly affecting human societies and ecosystems. Studies using atmospheric reanalysis and climate model data indicate diverse circulation changes in recent decades but show discrepancies in magnitude and even direction, underscoring the urgent need for validation with independent, climate-quality measurements. Here we show statistically significant changes in tropospheric circulation over the past two decades using satellite-observed, height-resolved cloud motion vectors from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). Upper tropospheric cloud motion speeds in the mid-latitudes have increased by up to about 4?m?s?1?decade?1. This acceleration is primarily because of the strengthening of meridional flow, potentially indicating more poleward storm tracks or intensified extratropical cyclones. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere tropics shifted poleward at rates of 0.42?±?0.22 and 0.02?±?0.14°?latitude?decade?1 (95% confidence interval), respectively, whereas the corresponding polar fronts shifted at rates of 0.37?±?0.31 and 0.31?±?0.21° latitude?decade?1. We also show that the widely used ERA5 reanalysis winds subsampled to the MISR are in good agreement with the climatological values and trends of the MISR but indicate probable ERA5 biases in the upper troposphere. These MISR-based observations provide critical benchmarks for refining reanalysis and climate models to advance our understanding of climate change impacts on cloud and atmospheric circulations.
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